“Many of caffeine’s powers depend on its power to pass into the central nervous system (CNS). To enter the CNS, caffeine must cross the blood-brain barrier... Even when injected into the bloodstream, many drugs fail to penetrate this barrier... However, caffeine passes through the blood-brain barrier as if it did not exist. All psychoactive drugs, including caffeine, achieve their effects by imitating or altering the release or uptake of neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers that direct how the neurons of the CNS interact with each other.
Caffeine achieves many of its effects by blocking the activity of adenosine... Because one of the primary actions of adenosine is to make us tired or sleepy, caffeine, by blocking the uptake of adenosine, keeps us from feeling the effects of fatigue. But scientists have learned that, largely as a consequence of its blockade of adenosine receptors, caffeine also has profound effects on most of the other major neurotransmitters, including dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, and, in high doses, on norepinephrine.”
While the authors of the various studies are proponents of mild or moderate use of caffeine for healthy adults. Each paper stressed that all forms of caffeine should be avoided by pregnant women and that these studies are statistical representation and not de facto guides to self medication.
So enjoy a cup of coffee with your toast in the morning and get a good start to your day.